Which component initiates motor programs by the neuromuscular system in Welford's model?

Which component initiates motor programs by the neuromuscular system in Welford's model?

• A. Sense organs
• B. Perception
• C. Feedback
• D. Effector

Answer: (D)

In this model, movement begins when the brain issues a motor command that is carried to the muscles, and the site where that command is actually transformed into action is the effector. The effector refers to the muscles (or glands) that carry out the movement, so it’s the point where the motor program is expressed as a physical action. Sense organs provide the initial input, perception and decision processes organize that information into a plan, and feedback monitors the result, but none of these directly produce the muscular contraction. The important idea is that the neuromuscular system moves from plan to action at the effector, where neural signals are translated into muscle contraction, initiating the motor response.

In this model, movement begins when the brain issues a motor command that is carried to the muscles, and the site where that command is actually transformed into action is the effector. The effector refers to the muscles (or glands) that carry out the movement, so it’s the point where the motor program is expressed as a physical action. Sense organs provide the initial input, perception and decision processes organize that information into a plan, and feedback monitors the result, but none of these directly produce the muscular contraction. The important idea is that the neuromuscular system moves from plan to action at the effector, where neural signals are translated into muscle contraction, initiating the motor response.